The publication concerns the circumstances of ethnic minorities in Lithuania during five different periods: the Classical period (the 13th–18th centuries); the Imperial period (1795–1915); the period of the First Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940); the Totalitarian period (1940–1990); the period of the Second Republic of Lithuania (1990–2007). The old Baltic tribes alongside with other ethnic minorities – Polish, Russian, German, Italian and Romani, as well as Armenian, Scottish, English, Jewish, Tatar, and Karaim – are discussed in this book; special attention is paid to the period of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which has been little researched.